a-f: These are for floating-point numbers (decimals):

• %a: Scientific notation (e.g., 1.234e5)

• %b: Binary exponent notation (e.g., 1.0101101e010)

• %c: Character

• %d: Integer

• %e: Scientific notation with lowercase exponent (e.g., 1.234e-5)

• %f: Fixed-point notation (e.g., 1.2345)

g-p: These are also for floating-point numbers, but with more options:

• %g: Automatic selection of %e or %f (whichever is shorter)

• %h: Half-precision floating-point (not widely used)

• %i: Integer (equivalent to %d but prints with sign)

• %j: Imaginary unit (for complex numbers)

• %k: Integer (equivalent to %d but prints with thousands separators)

• %l: Long integer (not applicable for floating-point)

• %m: Pointer address (not common use)

• %n: Number of characters written (used for internal purposes)

• %o: Octal (base-8)

• %p: Pointer address

• %q: Hexadecimal with quotes (e.g., "0x1234")

• %r: Character sequence (rarely used)

• %s: String

• %t: Character (tab)

• %u: Unsigned integer

x-z: These are mostly extensions and not standard in C:

• %v: GNU extension for verbose printf (prints variable information)

• %w: Wide character (not common)

• %y: Year (2-digit format)

• %z: Size of stack required for format specifier (obscure use)